Hong Kong Housing Problem Is Not Only Attributed to the...

Hong Kong Housing Problem is not only attributed to the High Population Density Every Hong Kong citizen knows one of the grave troubles in Hong Kong is housing problem. The order of severity can be apparently reflected by many figures in recent research studies. †Rents up 22 per cent in Hong Kongâ€Å" (2011) remarks that â€Å"the price of renting two-bedroom accommodation rose by 22% to US$2,830 a month between 2009 and 2010â€Å" ( ¶2). Subcommittee on Building Safety and Related Issues (2010) also observes that â€Å"from 2005 to 2009, the [Buildings Department] received a total of 2,890 complaints concerning sub-division of flat units† (P.3). Housing becomes a luxury commodity. Many citizens of upper class own a few big hair houses for trading with†¦show more content†¦The property developers acquire the land with a high cost. They sell the flats with high prices so as to keep the profit. Moreover, the property developers’ hoarding of residentia l land is another main cause. Perry (2010) claims that â€Å"six major Hong Kong developers are sitting on projects that could provide a total of 42.6 million square of living space when completed, or about 43,000 apartments averaging 1,000 square feet† ( ¶4). Only the living space under construction owned by the land developers is ample to be resided by 43,000 families after development. This living space may not solve the entire housing problem, but at least ameliorates the situation by a significant extent. Due to hoarded land, the market is in a shortage of land supply. Therefore the prices and rents of flats rise and the property developers earn a tremendous profit. In addition to the postponement of the residential building, in Law of Hong Kong, there is not a perfect and unified regulation of the time range to finish building after purchasing the land, implying that the property developers can thoroughly bridle the market. Apart from the concerns in land supply, immi gration from mainland promotes the housing demand. Starting from 40s, immigration being not governed, there was an influx of Chinese immigrants due to the Cultural Revolution, the Anti-Japanese War and the Civil War. Policy restraining the number of immigrants soon executed.Show MoreRelatedWal-Mart Stores: Every Day Low Prices in China11767 Words   |  48 PagesStores, China had long been a strategic imperative. 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The War Of The Military - 1440 Words

1. I have had many relatives involved in the military Dangerous situations, scary moments, putting their lives on the line. All those are what a U.S. Soldier goes through. They do it for the love of their country. With everything they do and go through, they should be paid more. I believe that they deserve to make more for what they do. I am filled with questions as to why they don t make more money for what they do. I know that soldiers volunteer to fight for our country even though they know they cannot make A lot of money off of it. They go through a lot of vigorous training to be in the military also. Some people may think they are crazy for doing that and not receive good money. They do not do it for the money, they do it for their†¦show more content†¦They are doing the most dangerous work and yet, they make such low salaries. Is it because the government does not want to pay them as much? People volunteering in the military do not make enough money as I think they should, but you need to look at what they are doing. They are protecting you. If anyone is going to make a lot of money, it should be the soldiers fighting for us. Looking at the government spending graph on nationalpriorities.org, the majority of the money is spent on Medicare, health, social security and unemployment and labor. The military is number three on the list. They receive 609.3 billion dollars a year as to where the other two that receive more money are into the trillions. If we could possibly cut back a little bit on some other aspects of government spending, I would love for it to go to our soldiers benefits and salaries. 2. There are mixed emotions about military salaries and funding. The U.S. military is the main source to the protection of our country. Do we provide them enough for what they do? No, we don’t. The military is an extremely brave group of people who put their lives on the line, yet, they don’t have very good salaries. They need to be raised. There may be sacrifices made if we raise the military salary, but it will be worth it to thank them for what they do. In the military, according to Jake Novak on CNBC.com, the military is short of its designated annual recruitment levels. He

Letter to Mom free essay sample

Thank you mom for always attempting to keep me happy, safe, protected and nourished a roof over my head and warm cloths on my back. Thank you for your kindness, caring and Immeasurable patience. Thank you for looking out for me even when I didnt think I needed It and for letting me fall when I had to learn by making my own mistakes. Thank you mom for always being there; for waiting up and worrying, for the lectures and the endless concerns. Thankful for laughing with me, even though I knew at times that you were also laughing at me.Thank you for the imitates hugs, your magical kisses, vitamins and bandies and for the support I receive from you every single day. Thank you mom for keeping me warm, for keeping me calm and for keeping me sane. Thank you for understanding that there were times that I would be mad with you but always forgiving me in the end. We will write a custom essay sample on Letter to Mom or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thank you for sticking up for me, for encouraging me, for believing In me and for letting me know that you never expected more than the best I could do.Thankful mom for teaching me to be honest, courteous, appreciative and loving. Thank you for trying to teach me to be neat and tidy, the only child It worked on. Thankful for teaching me to try to see the best In people, to be diplomatic In the face of conflict, and when I had no choice but to fight, to fight fair. Thank you mom for Instilling In me a love for laughter, books, flowers, hard work food and comfort in the simplicity that life can provide to us.Thank you for nurturing me to always try something new and to keep an open mind. Thank you for the thousands of back rubs, millions of phone calls, and for always sending me home with left-oversee. Still, to this day, you spoil me and I am incredibly grateful for it. Thank you mom for showing me how much beauty is round me, and reminding me of it constantly when my world feels dark and frightening. Thank you for the endless stories, songs and games when I was young, and the endless conversation and knowing smiles now that I am older.Thank you for putting up with thousands of diapers, my know-it-all teenage years, my sometimes Insane asss and for what Im sure will be the emotional roller coaster that will be my asss. And through It all, thankful for loving me no matter what. Thank you mom for being so smart, so beautiful, so wise and so talented. Its nice to know that I have the attention somewhere in my genetics to possibly one day be as special as you. Now that Im a Father, Im in awe at how much you gave up for me and my siblings.You gave up sleep, food, time, energy, new things all because you loved us. Now, I see how hard you worked, how much you gave, and how much you really loved us. I wish that I had appreciated it more when I was younger. I wish I would have gives you hugs when you made me a Halloween costume, made sure made it to and from baseball practice and games, Nanas or any other activities I was involved in, instead of knowing me, complaining about this thing or that when I should have been liaising the time and energy you put forth and all you labored on for me.I wish that I would have told you that It was the best dinner ever or that I was thankful for all the time you worked so that I could be able to do what I thought was free but now know really was not. Id say I took it for granted, but honestly, I think thats almost a normal after all the hurtful things are already said. I write this to you with my love and gratitude, because of these things that you have taught me in life. I will never forget them. Because of you, Mom, I have become a person who tries to be nonjudgmental, mind, patient, fair, loving and compassionate.I only hope that I can pass these same characteristics down to my child, so that she will be as proud of me as I am of you. The words l love you are not adequate enough to express how grateful I am to be your son, how much you are appreciated or how much you will always mean to me,So I will simply say: Thank you mom for being my superhero, my expert-in- everything, and the one and only woman that Ill love without a second thought, without Judgment and with my whole heart, every ounce of my being, until I draw my last breath.

Week 4 Midtern Essay Example

Week 4 Midtern Essay Midterm Exam Return to Assessment List Part 1 of 1 96. 0/ 100. 0 Points Question 1 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Which of the following is the most complete and accurate definition of psychology? A. The study of behavior and mental processes B. The study of the mind of humans and other animals C. The study of mental health and illness D. The study of the human mind Answer Key: A Question 2 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Empirical evidence is derived from careful observation, experimentation, and ______________. A. Psychology B. Measurement C. Psychobabble D. Common sense Answer Key: B Question 3 of 50 2. / 2. 0 Points Graphology or handwriting analysis, uses precise measurements in order to determine personality characteristics from a sample of ones handwriting. However, there is little empirical evidence to suggest that graphology is accurate in determining ones personality from a handwriting sample. Graphology is an example of ______________. A. Fortune-telling B. Common sense C. Pseudoscience D. Numerology Answer Key: C Question 4 of 50 0. 0/ 2. 0 Points Mark has a strong desire to quit smoking. A psychologist from the biological perspective would most likely try to help by _____________. A. Delivering a shock to Marks wrist juts as he inhales B. Probing Marks unconscious desire to smoke and his need for oral fulfillment. C. Finding a drug that helps Marks craving for nicotine D. Emphasizing that smoking is a decision and that Mark has the cognitive control to quit. Answer Key: C Question 5 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points The _________________ perspective emphasizes what goes on in peoples heads, including mental process, such as perception, memory, language, or problem solving. A. Biological B. Learning C. Cognitive D. Sociocultural Answer Key: C Question 6 of 50 0. 0/ 2. 0 Points Several middle-school girls were watching their classmates, Jon and Jason, engage in a rough-and-tumble wrestling match. The attention of the girls seemed to intensity the boys play. A psychologist trained in the psychoanalytic perspective would most likely wonder, _______________. A. What are the basic emotional reactions evoked by the presence of the girls B. Do these boys have smaller head bumps devoted to cautiousness than most boys C. What is the purpose of rough-and-tumble play in the adaptive changes of early adolescence D. Did these boys have early childhood traumas that unconsciously cause aggressive behavior. We will write a custom essay sample on Week 4 Midtern specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Week 4 Midtern specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Week 4 Midtern specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Answer Key: D Question 7 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Making a generalization based on a personal experience or a few examples is referred to as ______________. A. Argument by anecdote B. Examination of evidence C. Principle of falsifiability D. Analysis of assumptions Answer Key: A Question 8 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes, and values are called ____________. A. Laboratory observations B. Control conditions C. Psychological tests D. Field research Answer Key: C Question 9 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points A psychological tests is said to be valid if it ________________. A. Measures what it is designed to measure B. Compares results against established standards of performance C. Produces the same results from one time to the next D. Allows test-takers to fully demonstrate the extent of their abilities Answer Key: A Question 10 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points When two variables are not related, the correlation coefficient will be close to ___________. A. 0 B. -1 C. +1 D. +10 Answer Key: A Question 11 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points A researcher plans to investigate whether a cup of hot milk at night helps eople relax so that they fall asleep quickly. In this study, _____________. A. The independent variable is the amount of time it takes the person to fall asleep B. The independent variable is the lab in which the research is conducted. C. The independent variable is the hot milk at bedtime D. The independent variable is the hypothesis of the study. Answer Key: C Question 12 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points An inactive substance or fake treatment that is used as a control in an experiment is called a(n)____________. A. Dependent variable B. Experimental group C. Placebo D. Control condition Answer Key: C Question 13 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points A(n) ________________ is a characteristic of an individual describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, or feeling. A. Personality B. Trait C. Defense mechanism D. Archetype Answer Key: B Question 14 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Jesse becomes furious when her favorite hockey player is intentionally hurt by an opponent. According to Freuds model of the mind, her id would unconsciously tell her, ____________. A. Thou shalt not kill. B. Im going to tear this program in half! C. What, me angry? I could never get angry. D. Im so angry I could kill that player! Answer Key: D Question 15 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points One of the most influential trait theorists was ____________ who recognized that not all traits have equal weight and significance in peoples lives. A. Abraham Maslow B. John B. Watson C. Gordon Allport D. Karen Horney Answer Key: C Question 16 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Rachel is talkative, sociable, and adventurous. She loves to be the center of a ttention. Which of the Big Five personality traits pertains to Rachels characteristic behavior? A. Agreeableness v. antagonism B. Openness to experience v. resistance C. Extraversion v. introversion D. Neuroticism v. emotional stability Answer Key: C Question 17 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points ______________ is a statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group. A. Reciprocal determinism B. Heritability C. Factor analysis D. Congruence Answer Key: B Question 18 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points In behavioral-genetic research, __________________ includes the family background in which you grew up and the experiences you shared with your siblings and parents. A. Surface structure B. Nonshared environment C. Shared environment D. Deep structure Answer Key: C Question 19 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points According to Maslow, the most important aspects of personality are the ___________________ _. A. Big Five personality traits B. Instincts and repressed conflicts of a person C. Qualities of the self-actualized person D. Reinforcers and punishers in a persons learning history. Answer Key: C Question 20 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points According to Carl Rogers, ______________ is love and support given to another with no strings attached. A. The condition of worth B. Unconditional positive regard C. Existentialism D. Self-actualization Answer Key: B Question 21 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points After implantation of the zygote is completed, the ____________ stage of prenatal development begins. A. Embryonic B. Structural C. Germinal D. Fetal Answer Key: A Question 22 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Which of the following outcomes is associated with maternal exposure to lead during pregnancy? A. Defects in the eye, ear, and heart B. Attention problems and lower IQ C. Increased likelihood of prematurity and low birth weight D. Mental retardation, blindness, and other physical disorders Answer Key: B Question 23 of 50 2. 0/ 2. Points Researchers have found that baby talk by parents _________________. A. Helps babies learn the melody and rhythm of their native language B. Holds children back from learning real language faster C. Promotes telegraphic speech, especially if it is overused D. Teaches children the correct grammar of their native language Answer Key: A Question 24 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Noam Chomsky viewed language acquisition in children as the result of _______________. A. An innate mental module that allows young children to develop language B. Reinforcement by adults of correct language production C. Utilitarian learning in which children learn that correct language produces desirable results D. Classical conditioning of innate utterances produced by infants and young children. Answer Key: A Question 25 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points In Jean Piagets theory, the process of absorbing new information into existing mental categories is called __________________. A. Assimilation B. Accommodation C. Conservation D. Egocentrism Answer Key: A Question 26 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Layla understands that Daddy is her father but does not understand that she is Daddys daughter. Piaget would suggest that Layla is in the ___________ stage. A. Preoperational B. Formal operations C. Sensorimotor D. Concrete operations Answer Key: A Question 27 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points All of the following would be considered gender differences EXCEPT the difference between men and women in regard to ______________. A. Sexual attitudes B. Doing laundry C. Reading romance novels D. Color blindness Answer Key: D Question 28 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Learning theorists believe that gender socialization begins _______________. A. At the moment of a childs birth B. When the child comprehends speech C. When children label themselves boys or girls D. When children have developed a secure gender identity Answer Key: A Question 29 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Comparisons of hormone production in boys and girls show that ______________. A. Before puberty, boys have higher levels of estrogen than girls do B. From puberty on, boys and girls produce the same amounts of androgens and estrogens C. Before puberty, girls have higher levels of estrogen than do boys D. From puberty on, boys produce more androgens and girls produce more estrogens. Answer Key: D Question 30 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Adolescent girls who are lonely, depressed, worried, or angry are more likely than boys to express these concerns by _______________. A. Engaging in rule-breaking and risk-taking behaviors B. Internalizing their feelings C. Becoming aggressive and acting out sexually D. Attempting suicide Answer Key: B Question 31 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points During Eriksons stage of _____________, a person is acquiring new physical and mental skills, setting goals, and enjoying newfound talents, but must learn to control impulses. A. Initiative versus guilt B. Generativity versus stagnation C. Autonomy versus shame and doubt D. Ego integrity versus despair Answer Key: A Question 32 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points As people move into old age, the speed of cognitive processing ______________. A. Slows significantly B. Increases for those who take vitamins C. Slows rapidly D. Does not change at all Answer Key: A Question 33 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Which of the following is NOT one of the child-rearing practices suggested by child development research? A. Set high expectations that are appropriate to the childs age B. Allow children to express their disagreements about rules C. Encourage empathy by showing how fighting hurts and disrupts others D. Always punish behavior that violates family rules Answer Key: D Question 34 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points The spinal cord is actually an extension of the _______________. A. Bodys visceral organs B. Skeletal nervous system C. Brain D. Sensory nerves Answer Key: C Question 35 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Which is one function of the myelin sheath? A. To form cranial nerves B. To speed up neural transmission C. To create interference among neural signals D. To release neurotransmitters Answer Key: B Question 36 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Which hormones are involved in emotion and stress? A. Estrogen B. Melatonin C. Adrenal hormones D. Progesterone Answer Key: C Question 37 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points The outer part of each adrenal gland produces _____________, which increases blood-sugar levels and boosts energy. A. Estrogen B. Androgen C. Cortisol D. Melatonin Answer Key: C Question 38 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Which structure of the brain is called the gateway to memory? A. Amygdala B. Hippocampus C. Cerebellum D. Thalamus Answer Key: B Question 39 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points ______________ area is responsible for language comprehension and is located in the left ________ lobe. A. Brocas; temporal B. Wernickes; temporal C. Brocas; frontal D. Wernickes; frontal Answer Key: B Question 40 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points According to the text, what is the primary nervous system stimulus that informs the biological clock? A. Visual B. Taste C. Smell D. Balance Answer Key: A Question 41 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Emilio is currently in Stage 2 sleep. This means his EEG is showing ________ waves. A. only delta B. occasional delta C. rapid, high peaking D. small, irregular brain Answer Key: C Question 42 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Depressants exert their influence on the brain by _____________. A. Slowing down activity in the central nervous system B. Mimicking the action of endorphins, producing a feeling of euphoria C. Disrupting normal thought and perceptual processes D. Speeding up activity in the central nervous system Answer Key: A Question 43 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Which of the following drugs is a psychedelic? A. LSD B. Alcohol C. Amphetamines D. Heroin Answer Key: A Question 44 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points At the orientation for first-year students, April felt overwhelmed by the number of people, the multiple conversations and the forms that needed to be completed. April is experiencing ____________. A. Sensory overload B. Notable differences C. Sensory adaptation D. Sensory deprivation Answer Key: A Question 45 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Which of the following is a Gestalt principle? A. Brightness B. Saturation C. Proximity D. Acuity Answer Key: C Question 46 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points The thing that makes a middle-C note on a flute sound very different from a middle-C note on a clarinet is ____________. A. Frequency B. Loudness C. Timbre D. Pitch Answer Key: C Question 47 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points What two senses keep us informed about the movement of our own body? A. Homeostasis and balance B. Equilibrium and homeostasis C. Equilibrium and Kinesthesis D. Kinesthesis and homeostasis Answer Key: C Question 48 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points The deepest stage of sleep is______________ sleep. A. Stage 1 B. Stage 2 C. REM D. Stage 4 Answer Key: D Question 49 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points As Bridget is walking through a parking lot, a bicyclist swerves toward her. Her heart races and sweat breaks out as she jumps out of harm’s way. Soon, Bridget’s heart begins to decrease and return to a regular rhythm. This calming reaction is due to the action of Bridget’s ______________. A. somatic nervous system B. keletal nervous system C. parasympathetic nervous system D. sympathetic nervous system Answer Key: C Question 50 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points How did infant rhesus monkeys that were raised with both an artificial â€Å"wire mother† and an artificial â€Å"cloth mother† respond to these objects? A. They became attached to the artificial mother that supplied milk. B. They avoided both mothers except when they were hungry. C. They would not eat or drink, and soon died. D. They would cling to the â€Å"cloth mother,† especially when they were frightened or startled. Answer Key: D http://biology-forums. com/index. php? topic=33156. 0

Free Essays on Home Land Security

Home Land Security Modern technology has evolved to the point that phones are portable. People on the go can be reached any time, anywhere, at least when their cell phones work. Landlines always work, with the exception of the occasional storm, but landlines cannot be taken on the go. While cell phones are more convenient than landlines, dependability is worth more than convenience. It is true cell phones are mobile and offer the ease of being reached at anytime. However, people know when they dial a cell phone callers expect someone to answer, no matter what. People will constantly dial a cell phone until somebody answers. There are situations when people can not (or do not want to) answer their phone. People with a home landline phone never experience this problem. Landlines have been around for years and telephone etiquettes already exist to prevent such annoyances. It is a known norm when calling a landline and no answer is received no one is at home or they do not want to be disturbed. Callers know to leave a voice mail with the understanding that someone will get back with them as soon as they can, instead of calling and calling until someone finally answers. While there are no set standards for cells phones many cellular companies do offer nationwide long-distance calling for free during evenings and weekends. The evening rates for many cell phones do not begin until 7 or 9 p.m. However, land line phone users only pay one flat fee for long distance and it can be used anytime, day or night. Not only do cell phone carriers restrict calling times, cellular service providers try to lock people into a long term plan (or else they pay dearly for the phone and all sorts of hidden fees). Land line companies have no hidden fees and require no such contracts. Even without contracts cell phones require a constant power source and required battery changes and charges. Landlines have their own power source with no charging... Free Essays on Home Land Security Free Essays on Home Land Security Home Land Security Modern technology has evolved to the point that phones are portable. People on the go can be reached any time, anywhere, at least when their cell phones work. Landlines always work, with the exception of the occasional storm, but landlines cannot be taken on the go. While cell phones are more convenient than landlines, dependability is worth more than convenience. It is true cell phones are mobile and offer the ease of being reached at anytime. However, people know when they dial a cell phone callers expect someone to answer, no matter what. People will constantly dial a cell phone until somebody answers. There are situations when people can not (or do not want to) answer their phone. People with a home landline phone never experience this problem. Landlines have been around for years and telephone etiquettes already exist to prevent such annoyances. It is a known norm when calling a landline and no answer is received no one is at home or they do not want to be disturbed. Callers know to leave a voice mail with the understanding that someone will get back with them as soon as they can, instead of calling and calling until someone finally answers. While there are no set standards for cells phones many cellular companies do offer nationwide long-distance calling for free during evenings and weekends. The evening rates for many cell phones do not begin until 7 or 9 p.m. However, land line phone users only pay one flat fee for long distance and it can be used anytime, day or night. Not only do cell phone carriers restrict calling times, cellular service providers try to lock people into a long term plan (or else they pay dearly for the phone and all sorts of hidden fees). Land line companies have no hidden fees and require no such contracts. Even without contracts cell phones require a constant power source and required battery changes and charges. Landlines have their own power source with no charging...

Anti-Piracy Laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Anti-Piracy Laws - Essay Example Following an audit by the Business Software Alliance, in which our organization was found guilty of violating copyright laws and of running unlicensed, pirated, software on some of its computers, the ICT department experimented with both software and hardware deterrence mechanisms prior to implementing the former. With the proliferation of peer-to-peer software and the growing ease of downloading and installing pirated software, organizations often confront serious difficulties in implementing anti-piracy regulations. Certainly, there are few, if any, organizations which do not have clear-cut anti-piracy policies but employees often assume that they will not be caught.' The fact is that they can very well be, with the organization left liable for the payment of the resultant fines and vulnerable to lawsuits by the software producers in question (Kizza, 2002). It is for this reason that policies have to be complimented with hardware or software-based deterrent techniques. Following a February 2006 audit by the Business Software Alliance, our organization decided that since policies were not effectively deterring employees from infringing anti-piracy laws, software and hardware mechanisms were required. A thorough study of the advantages and disadvantages of each was conducted prior to implementing software solutions. Special purpose hardware is commonly use... Special purpose hardware is commonly used in proof of ownership, to provide secure data storage and to provide a secure execution context for security-sensitive applications. Such hardware is typically more cumbersome for the user and more expensive than software based techniques. 2.1.1 Dongles A dongle is a hardware device distributed with software. Possession of the device proves ownership of software. A dongle typically connects to an I/O port and computes the output of a secret function. While running, the software periodically queries the dongle. If the communication fails or the results of the query are wrong, the software reacts appropriately (Craig and Burnett, 2005). There are three major drawbacks to dongles. These are cost, impracticality and vulnerability. Dongles are expensive at $10 per unit and distributing them with software is not practical. Thirdly, the attack point is clearly defined since the interface to the device is a hardware interface. This means that the signals passing over the interface must conform to the software standards. This gives attackers and analysis advantage (Craig and Burnett, 2005). 2.1.2 Tamperproof CPUs Tamperproof CPUs aid in piracy prevention by providing a secure context and/or secure data storage. By executing the software in a secure environment, the pirate is unable to gain access to the software. This technique prevents the attacker from observing the behavior of the software which means he is unable to identify portions of the software to remove. The obvious drawback to this technique is the cost of requiring all users to have tamperproof hardware (Flynn, 2005). 2.1.3 Smartcards Smartcards store cryptographic keys for use in authentication and authorization systems. A typical smartcard

Discharge of Contract on the Grounds of Frustration Coursework

Discharge of Contract on the Grounds of Frustration - Coursework Example Jardinia Limited has signed two contracts with Southern Belles which entails the installation and fitting of an industrial size system for the poly-tunnels and green house. Payment for installation will be due on completion of the work. The other contract states that 100 units are to be provided for resale to the general public at a cost of ?250 each to Southern Belles Ltd. A ?5,000 deposit had already been paid. However, a day before completion of the work, a storm destroyed all the installations completely. Southern Belles Limited is therefore claiming that both contracts are discharged on the grounds of frustration with no money to be paid on the fitting contract and the deposit refunded. Force Majeure Clause If either Jardinia Limited or Southern Belles Limited is prevented or stopped from carrying out its duties as it had been agreed upon in the contract (other than their duties to make their payments) by a force majeure event then: The affected party will be relieved from perfo rming its duties as long as the force majeure event continues to pose as an inhibiting factor further affecting in completion of the project. ... e Event, how it has affected its ability to carry out its obligations as it had been agreed upon in the contract and the measures that have been developed by the party to prevent such a Force Majeure Event from occurring and destroying property. The affected party has to establish mitigation measures to eliminate effects of the Force Majeure Event that may prevent it from fulfilling its obligations as stated in the contract. After cessation of the Force Majeure Event, the affected party should provide a written notification to the other party informing it of the cessation of the Force Majeure Event. The party should then continue with performance of its duties as the two parties had agreed on. Southern Belles Limited will give the agreed amount of money to Jardinia Limited for installation of an industrial size system for a green house and poly-tunnels as soon as sales are attained. Southern Belles Limited will use all reasonable efforts to ensure it attains production capabilities. A Force Majeure Event is therefore described as any event that occurs without any knowledge of a party and it is beyond an individual’s reasonable control. The event is unavoidable and does not withstand the reasonable care of a party. A Force Majeure Event at Jardinia Limited will not constitute a Force Majeure Event, unless most of its operations are entirely affected. Force Majeure Clause denotes that the storm triggered the operation of this clause as the contractor could not avoid occurrence of the storm and could still not provide against it. The storm qualifies as a Force Majeure Event since it totally destroyed work that had been done and has as well prevented it from going on as planned. The storm has had severe impacts on the contract as additional costs, time as well as inputs